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boc-uxp/mail/app/png.py

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#!/usr/bin/env python
# $URL: http://pypng.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/code/png.py $
# $Rev: 228 $
# png.py - PNG encoder/decoder in pure Python
#
# Copyright (C) 2006 Johann C. Rocholl <johann@browsershots.org>
# Portions Copyright (C) 2009 David Jones <drj@pobox.com>
# And probably portions Copyright (C) 2006 Nicko van Someren <nicko@nicko.org>
#
# Original concept by Johann C. Rocholl.
#
# LICENSE (The MIT License)
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
# obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files
# (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
# including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
# publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
# and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
# subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS
# BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN
# ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
# CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
# SOFTWARE.
#
# Changelog (recent first):
# 2009-03-11 David: interlaced bit depth < 8 (writing).
# 2009-03-10 David: interlaced bit depth < 8 (reading).
# 2009-03-04 David: Flat and Boxed pixel formats.
# 2009-02-26 David: Palette support (writing).
# 2009-02-23 David: Bit-depths < 8; better PNM support.
# 2006-06-17 Nicko: Reworked into a class, faster interlacing.
# 2006-06-17 Johann: Very simple prototype PNG decoder.
# 2006-06-17 Nicko: Test suite with various image generators.
# 2006-06-17 Nicko: Alpha-channel, grey-scale, 16-bit/plane support.
# 2006-06-15 Johann: Scanline iterator interface for large input files.
# 2006-06-09 Johann: Very simple prototype PNG encoder.
# Incorporated into Bangai-O Development Tools by drj on 2009-02-11 from
# http://trac.browsershots.org/browser/trunk/pypng/lib/png.py?rev=2885
# Incorporated into pypng by drj on 2009-03-12 from
# //depot/prj/bangaio/master/code/png.py#67
"""
Pure Python PNG Reader/Writer
This Python module implements support for PNG images (see PNG
specification at http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/REC-PNG-20031110/ ). It reads
and writes PNG files with all allowable bit depths (1/2/4/8/16/24/32/48/64
bits per pixel) and colour combinations: greyscale (1/2/4/8/16 bit); RGB,
RGBA, LA (greyscale with alpha) with 8/16 bits per channel; colour mapped
images (1/2/4/8 bit). Adam7 interlacing is supported for reading and
writing. A number of optional chunks can be specified (when writing)
and understood (when reading): ``tRNS``, ``bKGD``, ``gAMA``.
For help, type ``import png; help(png)`` in your python interpreter.
A good place to start is the :class:`Reader` and :class:`Writer` classes.
Requires Python 2.3. Limited support is available for Python 2.2, but
not everything works. Best with Python 2.4 and higher. Installation is
trivial, but see the ``README.txt`` file (with the source distribution)
for details.
This file can also be used as a command-line utility to convert
`Netpbm <http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/>`_ PNM files to PNG, and the reverse conversion from PNG to
PNM. The interface is similar to that of the ``pnmtopng`` program from
Netpbm. Type ``python png.py --help`` at the shell prompt
for usage and a list of options.
A note on spelling and terminology
----------------------------------
Generally British English spelling is used in the documentation. So
that's "greyscale" and "colour". This not only matches the author's
native language, it's also used by the PNG specification.
The major colour models supported by PNG (and hence by PyPNG) are:
greyscale, RGB, greyscale--alpha, RGB--alpha. These are sometimes
referred to using the abbreviations: L, RGB, LA, RGBA. In this case
each letter abbreviates a single channel: *L* is for Luminance or Luma or
Lightness which is the channel used in greyscale images; *R*, *G*, *B* stand
for Red, Green, Blue, the components of a colour image; *A* stands for
Alpha, the opacity channel (used for transparency effects, but higher
values are more opaque, so it makes sense to call it opacity).
A note on formats
-----------------
When getting pixel data out of this module (reading) and presenting
data to this module (writing) there are a number of ways the data could
be represented as a Python value. Generally this module uses one of
three formats called "flat row flat pixel", "boxed row flat pixel", and
"boxed row boxed pixel". Basically the concern is whether each pixel
and each row comes in its own little tuple (box), or not.
Consider an image that is 3 pixels wide by 2 pixels high, and each pixel
has RGB components:
Boxed row flat pixel::
list([R,G,B, R,G,B, R,G,B],
[R,G,B, R,G,B, R,G,B])
Each row appears as its own list, but the pixels are flattened so that
three values for one pixel simply follow the three values for the previous
pixel. This is the most common format used, because it provides a good
compromise between space and convenience. PyPNG regards itself as
at liberty to replace any sequence type with any sufficiently compatible
other sequence type; in practice each row is an array (from the array
module), and the outer list is sometimes an iterator rather than an
explicit list (so that streaming is possible).
Flat row flat pixel::
[R,G,B, R,G,B, R,G,B,
R,G,B, R,G,B, R,G,B]
The entire image is one single giant sequence of colour values.
Generally an array will be used (to save space), not a list.
Boxed row boxed pixel::
list([ (R,G,B), (R,G,B), (R,G,B) ],
[ (R,G,B), (R,G,B), (R,G,B) ])
Each row appears in its own list, but each pixel also appears in its own
tuple. A serious memory burn in Python.
In all cases the top row comes first, and for each row the pixels are
ordered from left-to-right. Within a pixel the values appear in the
order, R-G-B-A (or L-A for greyscale--alpha).
There is a fourth format, mentioned because it is used internally,
is close to what lies inside a PNG file itself, and has some support
from the public API. This format is called packed. When packed,
each row is a sequence of bytes (integers from 0 to 255), just as
it is before PNG scanline filtering is applied. When the bit depth
is 8 this is essentially the same as boxed row flat pixel; when the
bit depth is less than 8, several pixels are packed into each byte;
when the bit depth is 16 (the only value more than 8 that is supported
by the PNG image format) each pixel value is decomposed into 2 bytes
(and `packed` is a misnomer). This format is used by the
:meth:`Writer.write_packed` method. It isn't usually a convenient
format, but may be just right if the source data for the PNG image
comes from something that uses a similar format (for example, 1-bit
BMPs, or another PNG file).
And now, my famous members
--------------------------
"""
# http://www.python.org/doc/2.2.3/whatsnew/node5.html
from __future__ import generators
__version__ = "$URL: http://pypng.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/code/png.py $ $Rev: 228 $"
from array import array
try: # See :pyver:old
import itertools
except:
pass
import math
# http://www.python.org/doc/2.4.4/lib/module-operator.html
import operator
import struct
import sys
import zlib
# http://www.python.org/doc/2.4.4/lib/module-warnings.html
import warnings
__all__ = ['Image', 'Reader', 'Writer', 'write_chunks', 'from_array']
# The PNG signature.
# http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#5PNG-file-signature
_signature = struct.pack('8B', 137, 80, 78, 71, 13, 10, 26, 10)
_adam7 = ((0, 0, 8, 8),
(4, 0, 8, 8),
(0, 4, 4, 8),
(2, 0, 4, 4),
(0, 2, 2, 4),
(1, 0, 2, 2),
(0, 1, 1, 2))
def group(s, n):
# See
# http://www.python.org/doc/2.6/library/functions.html#zip
return zip(*[iter(s)]*n)
def isarray(x):
"""Same as ``isinstance(x, array)`` except on Python 2.2, where it
always returns ``False``. This helps PyPNG work on Python 2.2.
"""
try:
return isinstance(x, array)
except:
return False
try: # see :pyver:old
array.tostring
except:
def tostring(row):
l = len(row)
return struct.pack('%dB' % l, *row)
else:
def tostring(row):
"""Convert row of bytes to string. Expects `row` to be an
``array``.
"""
return row.tostring()
# Conditionally convert to bytes. Works on Python 2 and Python 3.
try:
bytes('', 'ascii')
def strtobytes(x): return bytes(x, 'iso8859-1')
def bytestostr(x): return str(x, 'iso8859-1')
except:
strtobytes = str
bytestostr = str
def interleave_planes(ipixels, apixels, ipsize, apsize):
"""
Interleave (colour) planes, e.g. RGB + A = RGBA.
Return an array of pixels consisting of the `ipsize` elements of data
from each pixel in `ipixels` followed by the `apsize` elements of data
from each pixel in `apixels`. Conventionally `ipixels` and
`apixels` are byte arrays so the sizes are bytes, but it actually
works with any arrays of the same type. The returned array is the
same type as the input arrays which should be the same type as each other.
"""
itotal = len(ipixels)
atotal = len(apixels)
newtotal = itotal + atotal
newpsize = ipsize + apsize
# Set up the output buffer
# See http://www.python.org/doc/2.4.4/lib/module-array.html#l2h-1356
out = array(ipixels.typecode)
# It's annoying that there is no cheap way to set the array size :-(
out.extend(ipixels)
out.extend(apixels)
# Interleave in the pixel data
for i in range(ipsize):
out[i:newtotal:newpsize] = ipixels[i:itotal:ipsize]
for i in range(apsize):
out[i+ipsize:newtotal:newpsize] = apixels[i:atotal:apsize]
return out
def check_palette(palette):
"""Check a palette argument (to the :class:`Writer` class) for validity.
Returns the palette as a list if okay; raises an exception otherwise.
"""
# None is the default and is allowed.
if palette is None:
return None
p = list(palette)
if not (0 < len(p) <= 256):
raise ValueError("a palette must have between 1 and 256 entries")
seen_triple = False
for i,t in enumerate(p):
if len(t) not in (3,4):
raise ValueError(
"palette entry %d: entries must be 3- or 4-tuples." % i)
if len(t) == 3:
seen_triple = True
if seen_triple and len(t) == 4:
raise ValueError(
"palette entry %d: all 4-tuples must precede all 3-tuples" % i)
for x in t:
if int(x) != x or not(0 <= x <= 255):
raise ValueError(
"palette entry %d: values must be integer: 0 <= x <= 255" % i)
return p
class Error(Exception):
prefix = 'Error'
def __str__(self):
return self.prefix + ': ' + ' '.join(self.args)
class FormatError(Error):
"""Problem with input file format. In other words, PNG file does
not conform to the specification in some way and is invalid.
"""
prefix = 'FormatError'
class ChunkError(FormatError):
prefix = 'ChunkError'
class Writer:
"""
PNG encoder in pure Python.
"""
def __init__(self, width=None, height=None,
size=None,
greyscale=False,
alpha=False,
bitdepth=8,
palette=None,
transparent=None,
background=None,
gamma=None,
compression=None,
interlace=False,
bytes_per_sample=None, # deprecated
planes=None,
colormap=None,
maxval=None,
chunk_limit=2**20):
"""
Create a PNG encoder object.
Arguments:
width, height
Image size in pixels, as two separate arguments.
size
Image size (w,h) in pixels, as single argument.
greyscale
Input data is greyscale, not RGB.
alpha
Input data has alpha channel (RGBA or LA).
bitdepth
Bit depth: from 1 to 16.
palette
Create a palette for a colour mapped image (colour type 3).
transparent
Specify a transparent colour (create a ``tRNS`` chunk).
background
Specify a default background colour (create a ``bKGD`` chunk).
gamma
Specify a gamma value (create a ``gAMA`` chunk).
compression
zlib compression level (1-9).
interlace
Create an interlaced image.
chunk_limit
Write multiple ``IDAT`` chunks to save memory.
The image size (in pixels) can be specified either by using the
`width` and `height` arguments, or with the single `size`
argument. If `size` is used it should be a pair (*width*,
*height*).
`greyscale` and `alpha` are booleans that specify whether
an image is greyscale (or colour), and whether it has an
alpha channel (or not).
`bitdepth` specifies the bit depth of the source pixel values.
Each source pixel value must be an integer between 0 and
``2**bitdepth-1``. For example, 8-bit images have values
between 0 and 255. PNG only stores images with bit depths of
1,2,4,8, or 16. When `bitdepth` is not one of these values,
the next highest valid bit depth is selected, and an ``sBIT``
(significant bits) chunk is generated that specifies the original
precision of the source image. In this case the supplied pixel
values will be rescaled to fit the range of the selected bit depth.
The details of which bit depth / colour model combinations the
PNG file format supports directly, are somewhat arcane
(refer to the PNG specification for full details). Briefly:
"small" bit depths (1,2,4) are only allowed with greyscale and
colour mapped images; colour mapped images cannot have bit depth
16.
For colour mapped images (in other words, when the `palette`
argument is specified) the `bitdepth` argument must match one of
the valid PNG bit depths: 1, 2, 4, or 8. (It is valid to have a
PNG image with a palette and an ``sBIT`` chunk, but the meaning
is slightly different; it would be awkward to press the
`bitdepth` argument into service for this.)
The `palette` option, when specified, causes a colour mapped image
to be created: the PNG colour type is set to 3; greyscale
must not be set; alpha must not be set; transparent must
not be set; the bit depth must be 1,2,4, or 8. When a colour
mapped image is created, the pixel values are palette indexes
and the `bitdepth` argument specifies the size of these indexes
(not the size of the colour values in the palette).
The palette argument value should be a sequence of 3- or
4-tuples. 3-tuples specify RGB palette entries; 4-tuples
specify RGBA palette entries. If both 4-tuples and 3-tuples
appear in the sequence then all the 4-tuples must come
before all the 3-tuples. A ``PLTE`` chunk is created; if there
are 4-tuples then a ``tRNS`` chunk is created as well. The
``PLTE`` chunk will contain all the RGB triples in the same
sequence; the ``tRNS`` chunk will contain the alpha channel for
all the 4-tuples, in the same sequence. Palette entries
are always 8-bit.
If specified, the `transparent` and `background` parameters must
be a tuple with three integer values for red, green, blue, or
a simple integer (or singleton tuple) for a greyscale image.
If specified, the `gamma` parameter must be a positive number
(generally, a float). A ``gAMA`` chunk will be created. Note that
this will not change the values of the pixels as they appear in
the PNG file, they are assumed to have already been converted
appropriately for the gamma specified.
The `compression` argument specifies the compression level
to be used by the ``zlib`` module. Higher values are likely
to compress better, but will be slower to compress. The
default for this argument is ``None``; this does not mean
no compression, rather it means that the default from the
``zlib`` module is used (which is generally acceptable).
If `interlace` is true then an interlaced image is created
(using PNG's so far only interace method, *Adam7*). This does not
affect how the pixels should be presented to the encoder, rather
it changes how they are arranged into the PNG file. On slow
connexions interlaced images can be partially decoded by the
browser to give a rough view of the image that is successively
refined as more image data appears.
.. note ::
Enabling the `interlace` option requires the entire image
to be processed in working memory.
`chunk_limit` is used to limit the amount of memory used whilst
compressing the image. In order to avoid using large amounts of
memory, multiple ``IDAT`` chunks may be created.
"""
# At the moment the `planes` argument is ignored;
# its purpose is to act as a dummy so that
# ``Writer(x, y, **info)`` works, where `info` is a dictionary
# returned by Reader.read and friends.
# Ditto for `colormap`.
# A couple of helper functions come first. Best skipped if you
# are reading through.
def isinteger(x):
try:
return int(x) == x
except:
return False
def check_color(c, which):
"""Checks that a colour argument for transparent or
background options is the right form. Also "corrects" bare
integers to 1-tuples.
"""
if c is None:
return c
if greyscale:
try:
l = len(c)
except TypeError:
c = (c,)
if len(c) != 1:
raise ValueError("%s for greyscale must be 1-tuple" %
which)
if not isinteger(c[0]):
raise ValueError(
"%s colour for greyscale must be integer" %
which)
else:
if not (len(c) == 3 and
isinteger(c[0]) and
isinteger(c[1]) and
isinteger(c[2])):
raise ValueError(
"%s colour must be a triple of integers" %
which)
return c
if size:
if len(size) != 2:
raise ValueError(
"size argument should be a pair (width, height)")
if width is not None and width != size[0]:
raise ValueError(
"size[0] (%r) and width (%r) should match when both are used."
% (size[0], width))
if height is not None and height != size[1]:
raise ValueError(
"size[1] (%r) and height (%r) should match when both are used."
% (size[1], height))
width,height = size
del size
if width <= 0 or height <= 0:
raise ValueError("width and height must be greater than zero")
if not isinteger(width) or not isinteger(height):
raise ValueError("width and height must be integers")
# http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#7Integers-and-byte-order
if width > 2**32-1 or height > 2**32-1:
raise ValueError("width and height cannot exceed 2**32-1")
if alpha and transparent is not None:
raise ValueError(
"transparent colour not allowed with alpha channel")
if bytes_per_sample is not None:
warnings.warn('please use bitdepth instead of bytes_per_sample',
DeprecationWarning)
if bytes_per_sample not in (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2):
raise ValueError(
"bytes per sample must be .125, .25, .5, 1, or 2")
bitdepth = int(8*bytes_per_sample)
del bytes_per_sample
if not isinteger(bitdepth) or bitdepth < 1 or 16 < bitdepth:
raise ValueError("bitdepth (%r) must be a postive integer <= 16" %
bitdepth)
self.rescale = None
if palette:
if bitdepth not in (1,2,4,8):
raise ValueError("with palette, bitdepth must be 1, 2, 4, or 8")
if transparent is not None:
raise ValueError("transparent and palette not compatible")
if alpha:
raise ValueError("alpha and palette not compatible")
if greyscale:
raise ValueError("greyscale and palette not compatible")
else:
# No palette, check for sBIT chunk generation.
if alpha or not greyscale:
if bitdepth not in (8,16):
targetbitdepth = (8,16)[bitdepth > 8]
self.rescale = (bitdepth, targetbitdepth)
bitdepth = targetbitdepth
del targetbitdepth
else:
assert greyscale
assert not alpha
if bitdepth not in (1,2,4,8,16):
if bitdepth > 8:
targetbitdepth = 16
elif bitdepth == 3:
targetbitdepth = 4
else:
assert bitdepth in (5,6,7)
targetbitdepth = 8
self.rescale = (bitdepth, targetbitdepth)
bitdepth = targetbitdepth
del targetbitdepth
if bitdepth < 8 and (alpha or not greyscale and not palette):
raise ValueError(
"bitdepth < 8 only permitted with greyscale or palette")
if bitdepth > 8 and palette:
raise ValueError(
"bit depth must be 8 or less for images with palette")
transparent = check_color(transparent, 'transparent')
background = check_color(background, 'background')
# It's important that the true boolean values (greyscale, alpha,
# colormap, interlace) are converted to bool because Iverson's
# convention is relied upon later on.
self.width = width
self.height = height
self.transparent = transparent
self.background = background
self.gamma = gamma
self.greyscale = bool(greyscale)
self.alpha = bool(alpha)
self.colormap = bool(palette)
self.bitdepth = int(bitdepth)
self.compression = compression
self.chunk_limit = chunk_limit
self.interlace = bool(interlace)
self.palette = check_palette(palette)
self.color_type = 4*self.alpha + 2*(not greyscale) + 1*self.colormap
assert self.color_type in (0,2,3,4,6)
self.color_planes = (3,1)[self.greyscale or self.colormap]
self.planes = self.color_planes + self.alpha
# :todo: fix for bitdepth < 8
self.psize = (self.bitdepth/8) * self.planes
def make_palette(self):
"""Create the byte sequences for a ``PLTE`` and if necessary a
``tRNS`` chunk. Returned as a pair (*p*, *t*). *t* will be
``None`` if no ``tRNS`` chunk is necessary.
"""
p = array('B')
t = array('B')
for x in self.palette:
p.extend(x[0:3])
if len(x) > 3:
t.append(x[3])
p = tostring(p)
t = tostring(t)
if t:
return p,t
return p,None
def write(self, outfile, rows):
"""Write a PNG image to the output file. `rows` should be
an iterable that yields each row in boxed row flat pixel format.
The rows should be the rows of the original image, so there
should be ``self.height`` rows of ``self.width * self.planes`` values.
If `interlace` is specified (when creating the instance), then
an interlaced PNG file will be written. Supply the rows in the
normal image order; the interlacing is carried out internally.
.. note ::
Interlacing will require the entire image to be in working memory.
"""
if self.interlace:
fmt = 'BH'[self.bitdepth > 8]
a = array(fmt, itertools.chain(*rows))
return self.write_array(outfile, a)
else:
nrows = self.write_passes(outfile, rows)
if nrows != self.height:
raise ValueError(
"rows supplied (%d) does not match height (%d)" %
(nrows, self.height))
def write_passes(self, outfile, rows, packed=False):
"""
Write a PNG image to the output file.
Most users are expected to find the :meth:`write` or
:meth:`write_array` method more convenient.
The rows should be given to this method in the order that
they appear in the output file. For straightlaced images,
this is the usual top to bottom ordering, but for interlaced
images the rows should have already been interlaced before
passing them to this function.
`rows` should be an iterable that yields each row. When
`packed` is ``False`` the rows should be in boxed row flat pixel
format; when `packed` is ``True`` each row should be a packed
sequence of bytes.
"""
# http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#5PNG-file-signature
outfile.write(_signature)
# http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#11IHDR
write_chunk(outfile, 'IHDR',
struct.pack("!2I5B", self.width, self.height,
self.bitdepth, self.color_type,
0, 0, self.interlace))
# See :chunk:order
# http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#11gAMA
if self.gamma is not None:
write_chunk(outfile, 'gAMA',
struct.pack("!L", int(round(self.gamma*1e5))))
# See :chunk:order
# http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#11sBIT
if self.rescale:
write_chunk(outfile, 'sBIT',
struct.pack('%dB' % self.planes,
*[self.rescale[0]]*self.planes))
# :chunk:order: Without a palette (PLTE chunk), ordering is
# relatively relaxed. With one, gAMA chunk must precede PLTE
# chunk which must precede tRNS and bKGD.
# See http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#5ChunkOrdering
if self.palette:
p,t = self.make_palette()
write_chunk(outfile, 'PLTE', p)
if t:
# tRNS chunk is optional. Only needed if palette entries
# have alpha.
write_chunk(outfile, 'tRNS', t)
# http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#11tRNS
if self.transparent is not None:
if self.greyscale:
write_chunk(outfile, 'tRNS',
struct.pack("!1H", *self.transparent))
else:
write_chunk(outfile, 'tRNS',
struct.pack("!3H", *self.transparent))
# http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#11bKGD
if self.background is not None:
if self.greyscale:
write_chunk(outfile, 'bKGD',
struct.pack("!1H", *self.background))
else:
write_chunk(outfile, 'bKGD',
struct.pack("!3H", *self.background))
# http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#11IDAT
if self.compression is not None:
compressor = zlib.compressobj(self.compression)
else:
compressor = zlib.compressobj()
# Choose an extend function based on the bitdepth. The extend
# function packs/decomposes the pixel values into bytes and
# stuffs them onto the data array.
data = array('B')
if self.bitdepth == 8 or packed:
extend = data.extend
elif self.bitdepth == 16:
# Decompose into bytes
def extend(sl):
fmt = '!%dH' % len(sl)
data.extend(array('B', struct.pack(fmt, *sl)))
else:
# Pack into bytes
assert self.bitdepth < 8
# samples per byte
spb = int(8/self.bitdepth)
def extend(sl):
a = array('B', sl)
# Adding padding bytes so we can group into a whole
# number of spb-tuples.
l = float(len(a))
extra = math.ceil(l / float(spb))*spb - l
a.extend([0]*int(extra))
# Pack into bytes
l = group(a, spb)
l = map(lambda e: reduce(lambda x,y:
(x << self.bitdepth) + y, e), l)
data.extend(l)
if self.rescale:
oldextend = extend
factor = \
float(2**self.rescale[1]-1) / float(2**self.rescale[0]-1)
def extend(sl):
oldextend(map(lambda x: int(round(factor*x)), sl))
# Build the first row, testing mostly to see if we need to
# changed the extend function to cope with NumPy integer types
# (they cause our ordinary definition of extend to fail, so we
# wrap it). See
# http://code.google.com/p/pypng/issues/detail?id=44
enumrows = enumerate(rows)
del rows
# First row's filter type.
data.append(0)
# :todo: Certain exceptions in the call to ``.next()`` or the
# following try would indicate no row data supplied.
# Should catch.
i,row = enumrows.next()
try:
# If this fails...
extend(row)
except:
# ... try a version that converts the values to int first.
# Not only does this work for the (slightly broken) NumPy
# types, there are probably lots of other, unknown, "nearly"
# int types it works for.
def wrapmapint(f):
return lambda sl: f(map(int, sl))
extend = wrapmapint(extend)
del wrapmapint
extend(row)
for i,row in enumrows:
# Add "None" filter type. Currently, it's essential that
# this filter type be used for every scanline as we do not
# mark the first row of a reduced pass image; that means we
# could accidentally compute the wrong filtered scanline if
# we used "up", "average", or "paeth" on such a line.
data.append(0)
extend(row)
if len(data) > self.chunk_limit:
compressed = compressor.compress(tostring(data))
if len(compressed):
# print >> sys.stderr, len(data), len(compressed)
write_chunk(outfile, 'IDAT', compressed)
# Because of our very witty definition of ``extend``,
# above, we must re-use the same ``data`` object. Hence
# we use ``del`` to empty this one, rather than create a
# fresh one (which would be my natural FP instinct).
del data[:]
if len(data):
compressed = compressor.compress(tostring(data))
else:
compressed = ''
flushed = compressor.flush()
if len(compressed) or len(flushed):
# print >> sys.stderr, len(data), len(compressed), len(flushed)
write_chunk(outfile, 'IDAT', compressed + flushed)
# http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#11IEND
write_chunk(outfile, 'IEND')
return i+1
def write_array(self, outfile, pixels):
"""
Write an array in flat row flat pixel format as a PNG file on
the output file. See also :meth:`write` method.
"""
if self.interlace:
self.write_passes(outfile, self.array_scanlines_interlace(pixels))
else:
self.write_passes(outfile, self.array_scanlines(pixels))
def write_packed(self, outfile, rows):
"""
Write PNG file to `outfile`. The pixel data comes from `rows`
which should be in boxed row packed format. Each row should be
a sequence of packed bytes.
Technically, this method does work for interlaced images but it
is best avoided. For interlaced images, the rows should be
presented in the order that they appear in the file.
This method should not be used when the source image bit depth
is not one naturally supported by PNG; the bit depth should be
1, 2, 4, 8, or 16.
"""
if self.rescale:
raise Error("write_packed method not suitable for bit depth %d" %
self.rescale[0])
return self.write_passes(outfile, rows, packed=True)
def convert_pnm(self, infile, outfile):
"""
Convert a PNM file containing raw pixel data into a PNG file
with the parameters set in the writer object. Works for
(binary) PGM, PPM, and PAM formats.
"""
if self.interlace:
pixels = array('B')
pixels.fromfile(infile,
(self.bitdepth/8) * self.color_planes *
self.width * self.height)
self.write_passes(outfile, self.array_scanlines_interlace(pixels))
else:
self.write_passes(outfile, self.file_scanlines(infile))
def convert_ppm_and_pgm(self, ppmfile, pgmfile, outfile):
"""
Convert a PPM and PGM file containing raw pixel data into a
PNG outfile with the parameters set in the writer object.
"""
pixels = array('B')
pixels.fromfile(ppmfile,
(self.bitdepth/8) * self.color_planes *
self.width * self.height)
apixels = array('B')
apixels.fromfile(pgmfile,
(self.bitdepth/8) *
self.width * self.height)
pixels = interleave_planes(pixels, apixels,
(self.bitdepth/8) * self.color_planes,
(self.bitdepth/8))
if self.interlace:
self.write_passes(outfile, self.array_scanlines_interlace(pixels))
else:
self.write_passes(outfile, self.array_scanlines(pixels))
def file_scanlines(self, infile):
"""
Generates boxed rows in flat pixel format, from the input file
`infile`. It assumes that the input file is in a "Netpbm-like"
binary format, and is positioned at the beginning of the first
pixel. The number of pixels to read is taken from the image
dimensions (`width`, `height`, `planes`) and the number of bytes
per value is implied by the image `bitdepth`.
"""
# Values per row
vpr = self.width * self.planes
row_bytes = vpr
if self.bitdepth > 8:
assert self.bitdepth == 16
row_bytes *= 2
fmt = '>%dH' % vpr
def line():
return array('H', struct.unpack(fmt, infile.read(row_bytes)))
else:
def line():
scanline = array('B', infile.read(row_bytes))
return scanline
for y in range(self.height):
yield line()
def array_scanlines(self, pixels):
"""
Generates boxed rows (flat pixels) from flat rows (flat pixels)
in an array.
"""
# Values per row
vpr = self.width * self.planes
stop = 0
for y in range(self.height):
start = stop
stop = start + vpr
yield pixels[start:stop]
def array_scanlines_interlace(self, pixels):
"""
Generator for interlaced scanlines from an array. `pixels` is
the full source image in flat row flat pixel format. The
generator yields each scanline of the reduced passes in turn, in
boxed row flat pixel format.
"""
# http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#8InterlaceMethods
# Array type.
fmt = 'BH'[self.bitdepth > 8]
# Value per row
vpr = self.width * self.planes
for xstart, ystart, xstep, ystep in _adam7:
if xstart >= self.width:
continue
# Pixels per row (of reduced image)
ppr = int(math.ceil((self.width-xstart)/float(xstep)))
# number of values in reduced image row.
row_len = ppr*self.planes
for y in range(ystart, self.height, ystep):
if xstep == 1:
offset = y * vpr
yield pixels[offset:offset+vpr]
else:
row = array(fmt)
# There's no easier way to set the length of an array
row.extend(pixels[0:row_len])
offset = y * vpr + xstart * self.planes
end_offset = (y+1) * vpr
skip = self.planes * xstep
for i in range(self.planes):
row[i::self.planes] = \
pixels[offset+i:end_offset:skip]
yield row
def write_chunk(outfile, tag, data=strtobytes('')):
"""
Write a PNG chunk to the output file, including length and
checksum.
"""
# http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#5Chunk-layout
outfile.write(struct.pack("!I", len(data)))
tag = strtobytes(tag)
outfile.write(tag)
outfile.write(data)
checksum = zlib.crc32(tag)
checksum = zlib.crc32(data, checksum)
checksum &= 2**32-1
outfile.write(struct.pack("!I", checksum))
def write_chunks(out, chunks):
"""Create a PNG file by writing out the chunks."""
out.write(_signature)
for chunk in chunks:
write_chunk(out, *chunk)
def filter_scanline(type, line, fo, prev=None):
"""Apply a scanline filter to a scanline. `type` specifies the
filter type (0 to 4); `line` specifies the current (unfiltered)
scanline as a sequence of bytes; `prev` specifies the previous
(unfiltered) scanline as a sequence of bytes. `fo` specifies the
filter offset; normally this is size of a pixel in bytes (the number
of bytes per sample times the number of channels), but when this is
< 1 (for bit depths < 8) then the filter offset is 1.
"""
assert 0 <= type < 5
# The output array. Which, pathetically, we extend one-byte at a
# time (fortunately this is linear).
out = array('B', [type])
def sub():
ai = -fo
for x in line:
if ai >= 0:
x = (x - line[ai]) & 0xff
out.append(x)
ai += 1
def up():
for i,x in enumerate(line):
x = (x - prev[i]) & 0xff
out.append(x)
def average():
ai = -fo
for i,x in enumerate(line):
if ai >= 0:
x = (x - ((line[ai] + prev[i]) >> 1)) & 0xff
else:
x = (x - (prev[i] >> 1)) & 0xff
out.append(x)
ai += 1
def paeth():
# http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#9Filter-type-4-Paeth
ai = -fo # also used for ci
for i,x in enumerate(line):
a = 0
b = prev[i]
c = 0
if ai >= 0:
a = line[ai]
c = prev[ai]
p = a + b - c
pa = abs(p - a)
pb = abs(p - b)
pc = abs(p - c)
if pa <= pb and pa <= pc: Pr = a
elif pb <= pc: Pr = b
else: Pr = c
x = (x - Pr) & 0xff
out.append(x)
ai += 1
if not prev:
# We're on the first line. Some of the filters can be reduced
# to simpler cases which makes handling the line "off the top"
# of the image simpler. "up" becomes "none"; "paeth" becomes
# "left" (non-trivial, but true). "average" needs to be handled
# specially.
if type == 2: # "up"
return line # type = 0
elif type == 3:
prev = [0]*len(line)
elif type == 4: # "paeth"
type = 1
if type == 0:
out.extend(line)
elif type == 1:
sub()
elif type == 2:
up()
elif type == 3:
average()
else: # type == 4
paeth()